externalities

The word is externalities, a concept that holds that money is not the only scarcity in the world.

这便是“外部性”，该概念告诉我们，货币并非世界上唯一的稀缺性。

Internalization may also come about spontaneously by the merger of two units inflicting large externalities upon one another.

当两个有着巨大的相互冲突的外差因素的单位合并时，内部化也可能自发地产生。

Somewhere in the heavens, Arthur Cecil Pigou, the economist who invented the concept of negative externalities, must be smiling.

发明“负外部性”概念的经济学家阿瑟•塞西尔•皮古（ArthurCecilPigou），肯定在天堂的某个地方露出了笑容。

In an equilibrium state we see that markets creating negative externalities of production will overproduce that good.

在均衡状态下，引发负面外部效应生产的市场中，该产品将过量生产。

In an equilibrium state we see that markets creating positive externalities of production will under produce that good.

在均衡状态下，引发正面外部效应生产的市场中，该产品生产不足。

As a matter of fact, the fundamental reason is not the low output, but the huge positive externalities of metro projects.

其实，地铁企业亏损的根本原因并非是由于产出少，而是因为地铁项目具有巨大的正外部性。

Congestion externalities----Higher costs resulting from an attempt to use resources at a higher-than-optimal capacity.

外部阻隔——在尝试更高而不佳的容量下的资源使用而导致的更高的成本。

Cultivated land is an important public resource with the attributes of public goods, while it has positive and negative externalities.

耕地是一种重要的公共资源，具有公共物品的属性，耕地利用会产生正的与负的外部效应。

As the externalities of knowledge are localized, they do not spill perfectly over spatial borders.

由于知识的外部性是当地化的，不能有效地跨空间溢出和转移。

And financial institutions often do not engage in the endogenous dynamic behavior with positive externalities.

而金融机构往往并没有内生动力从事具有正外部性的行为。

Ownership externalities occur when a seller is not able to change users of a product.

当产品的卖方不能够对产品的使用者收取费用时，就存在所有权外部性问题。

Compatibility is one of core issues of network externalities. The compatible policy has become a part of firm's strategies.

兼容性是网络外部性的核心问题之一，厂商的兼容策略已经成为其战略的一部分。

Occasionally, I buy and launch my own fireworks, generating cheerful positive externalities.

我自己偶尔会买点焰火来放，产生令人愉悦的正外部性。

When externalities occur, government may decide to step in and regulate these spillovers, or engage in public-good provision itself.

如发生外在性现象，政府可决定介入并调控这些外部效应，或执行公共货物供应规定。

This paper analyzes the externality of white-pollution, and discusses how the externalities show from the economic explanations.

文章首先从分析白色污染的外部性入手，并且重点从经济学的角度讨论其外部性的具体表现。

A re-examination of our economic system and its multiple externalities has been long overdue and needs far more attention worldwide.

我们早就应当对经济系统以及其多重外部性进行重新考察，这需要来自世界各国的更多关注。

The Externalities of environmental pollution problems make government interfering with environmental protection.

环境问题的外部性使得环境保护需要政府的介入；

Due to the existence of externalities, Market mechanism can't optimize the social resources allocation.

外部性问题的存在，导致市场机制不能完全达到社会资源的优化配置。

This is called bundling. It's bringing those externalities back into the price of the commodity.

这就叫捆绑销售，它将这些外部经济效益带入了这商品的价格中。

Finally, based on the concept of externalities and rural land intangible benefit, we define rural land external benefit .

最后，依据外部性概念，结合农地的无形效益，对农地的外部效益进行了界定。